Oxfam Marketing Analysis

Oxfam Marketing Analysis The charitable organisation chosen in this assignment is Oxfam international organisation. Oxfam standing for Oxford Committee for Famine Relief was founded in Britain in 1942 by a group who ran campaigns for food supplies to send for starving women and children in .. (Oxfam, 2012) In 1955, the Oxfam international charitable organisation was formed by a group of 17 independent non- government organisations in 94 countries with the aim to reduce the poverty and injustice. This assignment will discuss various activities of what Oxfam does and how this organisation raise money including fundraising campaign, the awareness programs, organizing inspirational events, etc. running shops which Oxfam has been doing to get money and implement 2 important objectives of the organisations including fighting poverty and fighting for right. Also, this assignment will explain various market and environmental factors which affect the organisation present and future direction. These factors include micro environment and macro environment. In an organization, marketing department is often considered as one of primely important departments to contribute to an organisations success. So, the roles and duties of marketing staffs cannot be denied to success of the department and the organization. This assignment will also discuss about the role play by the marketing staffs of The Oxfam international charitable organization. ANALYSIS The organisations activities Oxfams objectives is fighting poverty and for human rights, in more specific term, injustice in all over the world. The organization has worked world-wide to enable people to act for their rights and manage for their own lives. They believe that everyone has the right to access the essentials of life such as food, clean water, shelter, healthcare, sanitation, education, and livelihood to support themselves, their families and the society. Also, everyone has the right to live free from injustice such as gender injustice, oppression, human violence. So, how does Oxfam accomplish its aims ? The organization has been run many activities including running fundraising campaign, entertainment event, to get money from the donors as well as run many shops selling donated items from donors or products from companies. They will use all the money to support poor and needy people and victims of injustice, so that, these people can eliminate their difficulties and have better life. Firstly, Oxfam believes that poverty is not inevitable , however, it is a real challenge to overcome (Oxfam). To tackle this challenge, Oxfam has been focusing on 2 important areas which are economic justice and Essential services. With economic justice, Oxfam Charitable organization aim is that more men and women will realize their right to secure and durable livelihoods (OXFAM INTERNATIONAL STRATEGIC PLAN 2007-2012). To achieve this aim, Oxfam charitable organization works together with many allies and partners in all over the world to accomplish 3 things which are making agriculture work, achieving fairer trade rules, and decreasing the impacts of climate change. They make more agriculture work for poor farmers and labors living in susceptible circumstances to reduce the economic differences among people. They also work to make sure farmers in poor countries have fair trade in world trade. By this activity, farmers in poor countries can access to the big fair trade zone such as EU agricultural markets. For example, Oxfam urges EU to allow Arab countries to fully access to EU agricultural markets while keeping a certain level of protection to their rural development needs (Euro-Med: Seeds of a raw deal?). Oxfam, in addition, supports vulnerable people, especially in agriculture, to adapt climate change. With essential services, the target of Oxfam is that people in poor condition, especially women and girls realize their rights to accessible and affordable essentials of life such as food , clean water, shelter, healthcare, sanitation, edu cation. This activity of Oxfam is focusing on demanding national governments to perform their responsibilities as well as their commitments in delivery of these essentials, supporting civil society organizations to push these governments to take their responsibilities in supplying these essentials, and making sure that rich countries and international associations will donate more funds as well as commit their promise on aid and debt reduction. Secondly, besides fighting poverty, Oxfam is also fighting injustice, especially gender injustice. Oxfam believes that Poverty often happen when peoples basic rights are violated. So that, fighting injustice is one of many ways to fight poverty (Oxfam, 2012). In more specific area, Oxfam fight gender injustice. The goal of Oxfam in this activity is to help more women attain power in their lives, live their lives without violence, and have the right to make decisions. This activity aims to change women attitudes, thinking and beliefs about relation of men and women in order to reduce the rate of violence to women as well as eliminate the gender differences in the work place . This activity supports women to engage more activities, access to leadership at all levels and have the rights to make decisions, so that, they can gain their power over and manage their own lives. Oxfam is known as one of the top charitable organizations in UK as well as around the world. Like other charitable organizations, Oxfam have to do fundraising to get money for activities that they are doing for people and it has to comply to UK legal principles and international laws and regulations for charitable organizations as well. There are many activities which Oxfam have been conducting to raise funds for the organization. There are 2 types of activities that the organization, specifically members of the organization, perform to raise money, and they are direct and indirect activities. First of all, indirect activities of a charitable organization would include activities such as †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Influences of Market and Environment Factors to the Organization. In the 21st century, Profit organizations and Non-for-profit or charitable organizations have to face many challenges. The rapid changes of the economy environment in national and international sphere require these organizations re-formulate and implement new strategies, objectives to meet new challenges. Together with formulate the strategies, objective, the organizations themselves need to make changes to enjoy the competitive advantage from other competitors. As a charitable organization, Oxfam has to face with some changes and challenges that they never faced in the past which are climate change and its consequences, famines and crises of the prices, global financial crises, limitation of energy, proliferation of weapons, urbanization, shortages of natural resources, etc (Oxfam, 2012) . http://www.oxfam.org/en/about/what/purpose-and-beliefs To adapt these changes, Oxfam has to figure out what market and environment factors and forces may influence on their strategies, objective and future direction. There forces can be classified into 2 types which are micro environment and macro environment (Jobber, 2001). The micro environment consisting of factors such as suppliers, customers, distributions and competitors may directly influence the organisations ability to manage to supply their products and services to their selected markets. The macro environment includes various broader forces which not only affect the organization itself but also all factors in the micro environment. These factors in macro environment consist 6 key groups under demographic environment, economic environment, technological, political-legal, and social-cultural environment ( Kotler, †¦). While the micro environment factors can be managed and controlled by the organisation, the macro environment factors are uncontrollable. (Kotler, ). There are 2 types of approaches which are undertaken by Oxfam to analysis the micro or internal environment and macro or external environment market environment. They are PEST analysis and SWOT analysis. PEST ANALYSIS ; SWOT ANALYSIS To analyse the macro environment, it is helpful to indentify all the factors which may affect the organisations demand level, supply level, and cost (Kotter and Schlesinger, 1991). kotler (1998) claims that PEST analysis is a tool which is very helpful for an organization to understand their position in the market, the stage of their business like growth or decline. Together with SWOT analysis, an organization can identify their strengths, weakness, potential opportunities or threads. So that, the organization can develop plan, strategy and direction for operation properly. The marketing of the charitable organization is quite different from marketing of any other profit organizations. While the profit organization can earn the profits by their business by hiring and paying their staffs to achieve the target, the charitable organization keeps their jobs going by getting the donations from donors and supports from volunteers. The Oxfam charitable organization run their all activities not for profit maximization, but more on collecting the money which they get and helps people who are in poverty and need help such as poor farmers, children, women, illiterate, etc. Like other profit and not-for-profit organization, Oxfam charitable organization is affected by market and environment forces. Firstly, economic factor may be the first factor which affects the Oxfams income in particular period obviously because the salary and income of common donors may be affected by the economic conditions such as inflation, high rate of unemployment. The changes of economic condition also affect the selling of products of many of Oxfams shops (Oxfam, 2004?) . Secondly, Oxfam charitable organization is affected by the legal-political environment which varies from country to country. As a international organization, Oxfam affiliates are all over the world. All their activities have to comply with each countrys laws, regulations, legal framework to avoid the illegal form in collecting donations which could affect their image in the future. For example, in UK, all the activities and operations of charitable organizations have to follow the regulations of   the Charities Act, 2006 () which requires the organization keep the annual records, prepare annual account and publish to public on request. So, the Oxfam organization in UK has to follow this regulation strictly in keeping all record about the income, expenditure from fundraising campaign as well as shop selling activities. PHILOSOPHIES Known as one of significant charitable firms in the world, Oxfams marketing concept can be considered as Societal marketing concept. The firm with societial marketing concept manages their marketing strategy in the way that emphasizes on determining and satisfying the needs, wants and interests of target market more efficiently and effectively than competitor. of poor people and people living in poverty and SEGMENTATION; TARGETING; POSITIONING When an organization knows about their target audience, they know everything and it is much easier for them to able to communicate with their target audience. There are many factors that an organization should know about target audience, which can be age, gender, income, types of products they use, programs they watch, etc. The target market of Oxfam charitable organization is the people in poor condition and needs assistances from all areas, regions, religions, etc in all over the world. The target market of the organization also emphasizes on people who are living in condition of injustice, specially women and girls. http://www.oxfamtrailwalker.org.nz/about/oxfam http://www.oxfam.org/en/about/what/purpose-and-beliefs http://www.oxfam.org/en/about/why http://www.oxfam.org/en/about/accountability/strategic-plan

Explication de Texte of Main Street by Sinclair Lewis

I. SUBJECT Carol Milford is a student of Blodgett College, and the protagonist of Main Street by Sinclair Lewis. Her ambition is to settle down in a prairie village and transform it into a place of beauty. She works as a librarian at St. Paul after her graduation. She marries the doctor Kennicott, whom she met at a friend’s house. Life in Gopher Prairie offers no challenges. Kennicott takes her on a long tour to California and other places. Carol returns to Gopher Prairie and tries to be enthusiastic about the town but feels tired of the hypocrisy and decides to leave. Kennicott feels distressed and she assures him that she would come back if she is able to find out what she needs. She works in Washington for two years. Kennicott visits her in Washington to woo her for the second time. Carol mellows and admits her desire to return to Gopher Prairie. Kennicott asks her to return only when she is prepared. She talks to the leader of the suffrage movement who tells her that she cannot achieve anything without total dedication. She convinces Carol that she can play at least a small role in changing life by persistently asking questions whenever she finds anything that hinders social change. Her life in Washington helps her to acquire a mature outlook towards life and is at last able to accept Gopher Prairie and its people as they are, but she does not give up her fight to make Gopher Prairie a better place. She gives birth to a daughter and feels optimistic that her daughter will carry on the fight that she had started and witness a united world. II. THEME The main theme of the story is rebellion and reformation. The rebellion is against materialism, lack of equality between the rich and the poor, the ugliness of the town, its narrow-mindedness and its prejudices. Carol wants to reform the town by teaching the people to appreciate poetry and to surround themselves with beauty and by teaching them to play. She tries to put up a play, read poetry to Kennicott and campaign for a new city hall, school and a better rest room and also by organizing parties and games. Though she cannot bring about any radical changes, her triumph lies in utting up a fight and keeping her faith. Main Street brings to light the discontent of the protagonist because of her inability to bring about a change in the attitudes of the people of Gopher Prairie. She appreciates beauty of simplicity. She believes that life should uphold the virtues of equality and freedom. She disapproves of exploitation. Therefore she opposes the industrialization which wipes out the b eauty of the land and the spirit of adventure of the pioneers of America. She also rebels against the exploitation of the farmers and the laborers. She incurs the wrath of the matrons of Gopher Prairie by paying six dollars a week to her maid and also by justifying the wages by pointing out that the job they did is very tedious. She insists that the rest room for the farmer’s wives should have better facilities, because it brought the farmer’s business to the merchants of the town. The reforms she proposes are very simple. She wants beautiful buildings. She wants to cultivate the taste of the people. She wants to teach the farmer’s wives the proper way to care for their babies and to make good stew. She suggests setting up an employment bureau so that they will not depend on charity. The women of Gopher Prairie snigger at Carol’s suggestions. They oppose the idea of empowering the poor women to be self-sufficient because that will deny them the chance to be charitable. When Carol suggests that they should mend the clothes before handing them out as charity, the women pounce once again on Carol and overrule the suggestion as unnecessary because it would encourage those women to be lazy. Carol feels frustrated by this mindlessness. Hence she leaves Gopher Prairie so that she can find out what she can achieve in life. In Washington, she gains the objectivity necessary for any reformer. She gains courage and learns how to direct her energy to effect changes, and returns to Gopher Prairie reconciled. The minor theme of the novel is that marriage is not to be taken lightly. Carol does not accept the institution of marriage blindly. Her expectations and demands as a wife are juxtaposed with the other wives in Gopher Prairie. Her rebellion seeps into her personal life as well and makes it so much the better for it. III. DICTION Sinclair Lewis has a vivid style. His description of nature provides the appropriate background for the mood of the characters. When Carol goes out for a walk with Erik they pass a grove of â€Å"scrub poplars†¦ looming now like a menacing wall† (392). When she is with Kennicott beside the lake she watches â€Å"long grass†¦ mossy bogs and red winged black birds† (57). When she is brooding she sees gray fields closing in on her. He uses verbs very effectively. Carol â€Å"perceives† when she observes something seriously. When she is upset with Kennicott for forgetting to give her money, she â€Å"commands† him to come upstairs because she does not wish to discuss the matter in the presence of company and Kennicott â€Å"clumps† after her. His use of satire is very effective and adds color to his narration. Carol watches a professional play, which to her is boringly ordinary in all aspects and finds the audience lapping it up. She comments sarcastically that â€Å"the only trouble with The Girl from Kankakee is that it is too subtle for Gopher Prairie† (225). The description of the idiosyncrasies of the occupants of Gopher Prairie is full of humor. When Raymie praises about the trust of Kennicott’s patients in the doctor comments wryly, â€Å"It’s me that got to do all the trusting†, and in a dramatic aside, whispers to Carol â€Å"gentleman hen† (59). When Kennicott is excited about the motor trip he expects Carol â€Å"to be effusive about academic questions as ‘now I wonder if we could stop at Baraboo†¦ ’† (196). Kennicott’s faith in cars is a â€Å"high-church cult with electric sparks for candles, and Piston rings become the alter-vessels† and â€Å"liturgy† composed of â€Å"intoned and metrical road comments† (196). The plot moves through a combination of dialogue and narrative. With minor pauses in some seemingly meaningless conversation, the diction shows the inner workings in Carol’s mind and throughout the other characters of Gopher Prairie, such as Vida who was a devout Christian. The narrative half of the plot gives insight characterization. For instance, she says this to no one, but Vida had considered her moment with â€Å"Professor’ George Edwin Mott† somehow naughty, and thought that she was â€Å"superior†¦ to have kept her virginity† (251). The diction upholds the subject and theme through the usage of words such as â€Å"reformer†, â€Å"suffragist†, and other choice words involving civil rights. It relates to Carol’s constant want to change the town of Gopher Prairie, and the other reformations happening in Washington, D. C. and the opposition she faces in her town, and in her own home. In times of despair, she finds her surroundings closing in around her: â€Å"She saw the furniture as a circle of elderly judges condemning her to death by smothering† (31). IV. TONE The atmosphere of hostility is produced by the conflict between Carol’s desire to change the town and the town’s resistance to Carol’s ideas. She is bewildered and hurt by the rebukes and rebuttals. Carol develops the right attitudes necessary for a reformer in the last three chapters of the novel. This helps her to face life with more sympathy, tolerance and hope. V. SYMBOLISM Carol’s interests in trains, books, and nature all symbolize her desire to escape the narrow confines Gopher Prairie. In Chapter 19, she daydreams about taking a train to escape the town. In Chapter 22, she escapes the town mentally through reading a number of books. Beginning in Chapter 5, she finds natural beauty in the countryside that she does not find in town. Indeed, throughout the novel, Carol often takes walks and spends time in the countryside in order to escape Gopher Prairie. In Chapter 2 and Chapter 38, Kennicott shows his wife pictures of Gopher Prairie as he attempts to court her and convince her return to the town. In Chapter 2, Carol sees only â€Å"streaky† pictures of â€Å"trees, shrubbery, a porch indistinct in leafy shadows, [and] lakes† (18). The fact that she sees the pictures in Chapter 2 as â€Å"streaky† and â€Å"indistinct† symbolizes her detachment from the community. However, in Chapter 38, she sees her own house and familiar faces in the photographs, symbolizing her connection to the town. As Lewis indicates in his preface, Gopher Prairie represents a microcosm of America in the early twentieth century. Lewis creates many characters as exaggerations, or typical, rather than individuals, to suggest that the people and institutions found in Gopher Prairie can be found anywhere. By criticizing Gopher Prairie, Lewis therefore attacks American society as a whole. Carol and Vida seem to be foils in that Carol is a reformer, whereas Vida is the representation of a society reluctant to let go of their ways. Though in a passage Vida thinks that she is, â€Å"and always will be, a reformer, a liberal† (253), she puts lie to this statement at the beginning of the chapter: she displays as much open-mindedness as a nun when Lewis writes that â€Å"[s]he hated even the sound of the word ‘sex’†¦ and prayed to Jesus†¦addressing him as her eternal lover† (251). Carol, on the other hand, indeed does try to bring reform to the town. She tries to bring beauty and culture, but is met by the bulwark of Gopher Prairie. Yet still she pushes on, introducing a professional play, music and poetry. Despite all her attempts, she still fails. Though some battles cannot be won, she wants to give her fighting spirit to her daughter. VI. SPEAKER The speaker of Main Street is in third person, who is omniscient of the happenings and minds of the citizens of Gopher Prairie. VII. STRUCTURE The novel is divided into six parts, plot-wise. The first part introduces Carol, the heroine of the novel. The second part deals with her marriage and elaborates on her fears of life as the wife of Dr. Kennicott in the small prairie town. The third part describes her house warming party in which Carol makes a statement about her taste and attitude followed by the details of the trials and tribulations of Carol as a reformer of the smug town. The fourth part is the thirty-sixth chapter, which may be called the climax of the story because Carol walks out of her marriage and Gopher Prairie. The following two chapters form the fifth part which describes Carol’s work in Washington, her reconciliation to life in Gopher Prairie and it also reunites Carol and Kennicott. The physical construction of the novel consists of a yellow and black cover, with a small portrait of the author in the approximate middle. It is four hundred and fifty-one pages, divided into thirty-nine chapters, which are then sub-divided; both are numbered by Roman numerals. Preceding the story is a miniature biography of the author (viii) and a small preface that explains Gopher Prairie is a small pocket of America, but America nonetheless, whose citizens are set in their ways. VIII. IMAGERY This is an example of personification: â€Å"the land humming† (139). This describes the beauty of the land around Gopher Prairie and inspires Carol, since she wants to make the town just as beautiful through her reforms. This is an example of a simile: â€Å"Kennicott was as fixed in routine as an isolated old man† (291). With the use of â€Å"as†, Kennicott is compared an old man being set in his ways. An example of antithesis would be that when Kennicott, before his marriage to Carol, had put his arm around Vida â€Å"carelessly†. While she strained away, she longed to move nearer to him† (251). In this example of personification, â€Å"the deep-bosomed bed stiffened in disgust† (32) at having such an extravagant shirt laid on it. In the same paragraph, the said â€Å"chemise and lace was a hussy† (32) and seemed overly lavish in the simple house in which Carol lived. In this conceit, Lewis writes that â€Å"[a] villag e is†¦a force seeking to dominate the earth, drain the hills and seas of color† (267). He is saying that such a village drains the world of its natural beauty, to be replaced by man-made materialistic things, with a standard style. Anything else would seem out of place. Carol calls the people who live in the Northern Middlewest â€Å"pioneers, these sweaty wayfarers† (24). They have just begun to build a society in that area, and she thinks that such an area has much hope. When Dr. Kennicott takes Carol hunting, she wonders why he hasn’t fired when a â€Å"crash† sounded and â€Å"two birds turned somersaults in the air, plumped down† (55). Such is an example of onomatopoeia.

The Crisis Of The Fukushima Nuclear Plant After An Earthquake

The current energy sources we consume in the US are in need of a change. Dependence on the fossil fuels of oil and coal are hazardous for two important reasons: their undesirable impact on the environment and it has created the economic boom in the US. There is an agreement between the public and experts that nuclear fission is not the answer. The catastrophic meltdown of the Fukushima nuclear plant after an earthquake in Japan provides the proof. The introduction of horizontal drilling by the gas industry combined with successful development techniques of hydraulic fracturing has showcased as a solution to solve these problems altogether. We now gain access to the 100 years worth of energy in the form of natural gas underneath the†¦show more content†¦We lose more than we will gain from it. Hydraulic fracturing pollutes our water. It contaminates the air by the use of fossil fuel (transportation), methods that allow toxic gasses into the air, and methane emissions. Furthe r, hydraulic fracturing has been connected to seismic hiked activity. It raises a critical question of â€Å"what sacrifice will we make to the environment in order consume this cheap energy?† Hydraulic fracking has received the spotlight in recent years for several reasons. First, the burning of natural gas is the cleanest of fossil fuel. It contains 50% less than coal, and 25% less carbon than oil (McGlynn 1053). Also, burning natural gas is less toxic because there are no heavy metals in its composition (Marsa). These features help the gas industry to captivate an audience. The properties of the gas itself have never, and still are not, viewed as the issue. It is the process and method that extraction of shale-bound natural gas deposits that has led to an uproar of controversy. What s the problem? Is fracking hazardous to our health? Let’s us analyze the economic rewards of fracking, before answering these questions. How much can the US benefit from the increase in extraction and production of natural gas? It has estimated that it can boost GDP up to 3.3 percent, an equivalent of $126.5 billion dollars in a form of new manufacturing jobs by 2025. More significantly, as McGlynn notes direct and, indirect

Hunger And Hunger Related Illnesses - 1540 Words

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Essay On The Ability To Perceive Quietness - 792 Words

the ability to perceive quietness today much of our society is overtaken by distractions such as social media, texting, tweeting, making calls, as well as other things making us too busy in our everyday lives to be able to sit down and take a deep breath. We as people have so many things running through our brains all at one time we can never just take a moment to ourselves and think. I myself even find it hard to separate myself from everyday distractions like my cell phone, and computer so, I decided to take two, one hour sessions in two separate locations to record and analyze everything I heard and witnessed during those two sessions of silence without any possible distractions. The first session of silence that I conducted was†¦show more content†¦Not tonly do I hear music but I hear the sound of kids playing games in the basement as they scream and laugh. Not only where the sounds joyous but the aroma of cookies, butter horns, and chocolate truffles filled the air and before I even knew it the hour was up and it was actually a quite pleasant experience that I had just listening to everything going on and it made me realize that life shouldn’t be about who’s doing what on social media and what’s going on in the news, but it should be about what you’re doing in that moment and who your with that makes it special. I would never have realized that with my phone in front of me and I think if we asShow MoreRelatedThe Taming Of The Shrew Essay1796 Words   |  8 PagesThe Taming of the Shrew Essay On the The Taming of the Shrew’s very surface, it is seen as a misogynistic attempt to enforce gender roles and stereotypes by showcasing the transformation of a fiery, free-spirited woman to a silenced, subjugated wife. The play revolves around the two protagonists, Katharina and Petruchio, as the pair battle over psychological domination. The residents of Padua perceive Kate as a devious and hateful woman towards the beginning of the play, earning her the seeminglyRead MoreMr Benett and the Failures of Fatherhood8365 Words   |  34 Pagesattributing no theoretical to her work; she admitted preten having significance sions at all, claiming only accuracy and proportion and wit for her vir tues.1 once Despite again the her well-known of demurrers, subject in Jane I want Austens in this essay to raise canvass problem novels?to to social from a sociological point of view the nature of her response and economic in English society. My reason for sifting over the changes in the evidence is that I think an adjustment already finely groundRead MoreIgbo Dictionary129408 Words   |  518 Pagesillustrated the meaning and use of words; the great majority of the examples are due to him. Their merit is that they are not translations from English, but natural Igbo sentences elicited only by the stimulus of the word they illustrate. The short essays which appear from time to time (e.g. under otà ¹tà ¹, à ²Ã¯â‚¬ ¤gbanÌ„je) on aspects of culture are also his work, as are the sketches which served as basis for the illustrations, a large number of new words, and various features of the arrangement. When he had

Bias in Epidemiological Research Free Essays

Epidemiology is the study of the factors associated with different types of diseases for example, how often does the disease occur, how is the disease transmitted, ways in which the disease can be prevented. There are two main types of epidemiology: descriptive epidemiology and analytical epidemiology. Descriptive epidemiology is concerned with the frequency and distribution of risk factors in a population and it makes it possible for one to assess the way the disease has spread. We will write a custom essay sample on Bias in Epidemiological Research or any similar topic only for you Order Now Analytical epidemiology aims to study the causes and risks involved with the disease and the preventive measures. This is according to Pinchinat, S, Ponton Sanchez (2006) Observation epidemiological studies In this case the epidemiologist does not carry out any actual experiment or in other words does not take part in any active role in the research. The epidemiologist simply makes observations on what is happening based on an already existing situation without administering any treatments for example if one wanted to compare the exposure of PCBs exposure to occurrence of cancer over a 20 year period, he would not be required to give any form of treatment only to observe the available case available according to epidemiology home page. Experimental epidemiological studies In contrast to observational studies here the epidemiologist will be required to do the actual experiments or play an active role by administering the treatment to subjects and then observing the effects of the treatment. For example an epidemiologist can perform a clinical trial of a new drug on willing subjects and then observe the changes in subjects based on epidemiology home page. There are different types of biases associated with epidemiological research. According to Eric’s Notebook, bias arises when an estimated value deviates from the original or true value. The case studies given in the assignment are going to provide a basis for the discussion of various types of biases and the effects of the biases on the measures of association. Based on CES-Research-bias confounding, different types of biases will be discussed. Case 1 This case might show both selection and measurement biases. Selection because the epidemiologist might select the children non-randomly in which case the results could be overestimated or underestimated in that if he over picked children who are not exposed to the chemical then his or her result will be underestimated and vice versa. The results will show a bias in measurement if the epidemiologist measures the outcome inaccurately in which case the results will either be over or underestimated. Case 2 This case could show measurement and analytical biases. Analytical bias is evidenced when patients give false information for example about having less sexual partners. This would lead to over or underestimation of the results. Measurement bias would occur if the epidemiologist collected the wrong data from the studies. This also would lead to over or underestimation of the results. Case 3 This case will show two kinds of biases; measurement bias because the epidemiologist may collect inaccurate data and analytical bias because of not following up the outcome. All this would lead to either under or overestimation of data. Case 4 Measurement and analytical biases could occur in this case. Incase of analytical bias the results could remain unchanged or underestimated and in case of measurement bias it could either be under or overestimated. Word count: 551 References Aschengran, A, Seage, G. R, (2008). Essentials of epidemiology in public health, (2nd Ed. ). Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett. CEM-Research- Bias confounding is a site that provides essential information on research bias on epidemiology. file:///c:/biasconfound. html Checkoway, H, Pearce, N, Kriebel, D. (2004) Research methods in occupational epidemiology. Epidemiology Home Page is a website that gives an introduction to epidemiology File:///c:/epi1. html. Ibrahim, A. M. (2001) Eric Notebook: Selection Bias. Department of veterans’ affairs, epidemiologic research, and information center at Durham, NC. http://eric. unc. edu/notebooks/issue8/eric_notebook_8. pdf Pinchinat, S, Ponton-Sanchez, A, (2006): Analytic and descriptive epidemiology. Biostatem SARL. File:///c:/epidemiology. htm Study Types in Epidemiology http://www. nwcphp. org/training/courses-exercise/courses/study-types-in-epi How to cite Bias in Epidemiological Research, Essays

Neo Classicism free essay sample

England had merged with Scotland and Wales, in order to constitute he United Kingdom of Great Britain. On the other side of the Atlantic, the colonies were now known as The United States. This former colonial territory Was a Mecca to European people, especially Germans. These hard-working immigrants would help to create new industries, based on the latest agricultural achievements. All those enthusiastic new Americans were helping grease the wheels of progress in regard to world history.But, as the new American residents worked hard, they also loved freedom the love of freedom that the Puritans had brought with them, at the nations earliest beginnings. Soon brilliant, thinking men who would speak about democracy, economy and other vital ideologies would appear. These new ideologies would be swiftly and strongly embraced by North Americans and would kick-start its destiny of changing the world. If we are to speak about poetry during this period, then we must start with Alexander Pope (1688-1744). He was, along with several contemporaries who followed the French poet and theorist, Nicholas Boiled, (1636-1711), who, in turn, was a fervent follower of the Roman poet Horace (Quintus Hortatory Flacks, 65-8 B. C. ), author of Ears Poetic. ND other classical Latin and Greek poets. Boiled was the author of the book Art Boutique, which became the manual of the poets who founded the Neo-Classical era which was noted for the imitation of classical aesthetics in poetry. Pope was considered a prodigy, because he wrote quality verse at only twenty years of age.One of his more celebrated poem was The Duncan (begun in 1728 and completed in 1741), a satire aimed at his detractors and the dullness of some pieces of art in those days. This poem uses the heroic couplet. The heroic couplet comes from Horace and was used first in England y John Donned, Andrew Marvel and John Milton. It is considered to have been perfected bygone Dryden (1631-1700), poet laureate. The neoclassical age The period is called neoclassical because its writers looked back to the ideals and art forms of classical times, emphasizing even more than their Renaissance predecessors the classical ideals of order and rational control. Such simply constructed but perfect works as the Parthenon and Sophocles Antigen, such achievements as the peace and order established by the Roman Empire (and celebrated in Book VI of Vergers Manned), suggest what classical writers saw in the classical world. Their respect for the past led them to be conservative both in art and politics. Always aware of the conventions appropriate to each genre, they modeled their works on classical masterpieces and heeded the rules thought to be laid down by classical critics.In political and social affairs, too, they were guided by the wisdom of the past: traditional institutions had, at least, survived the test of time. No more than their medieval and Renaissance predecessors did neoclassical thinkers share our modern assumption that change means progress, since hey believed that human nature is imperfect, human achievements are necessarily limited, and therefore human aims should be sensibly limited as well. It was better to set a moderate goal , whether in art or society, and achieve it well, than to strive for an infinite ideal and fail.Reasonable Philippe in The Misanthrope does not get angry at peoples injustice, because he accepts human nature as imperfect. Neoclassical thinkers could use the past as a guide for the present because they assumed that human nature was constantessentially the same regardless of time and place. Art, they believed, should express this essential tauter: Nothing can please many, and please long, but just representations of general nature (Samuel Johnson). An individual character was valuable for what he or she revealed of universal human nature.Of course, all great art has this sort of sign objectifications made his statement about Shakespeare. But neoclassical artists more consciously emphasized common human characteristics over individual differences, as we see in the type-named characters of Moldier. If human nature has remained constant over the centuries, it is unlikely that any startling new discoveries will be made. Hence classical artists did not strive to be original so much as to express old truths in a newly effective way. As Alexander pope, one of their greatest poets, wrote: True wit is nature to advantage dressed, / What oft was thought, but newer so well expressed. Neoclassical writers aimed to articulate general truth rather than unique vision, to communicate to others more than to express themselves. Social Themes Neoclassical writers saw themselves, as well as their readers and characters, above all as members of society. Social institutions might be foolish or corruptindeed, given the intrinsic limitations Of human nature, they robbery werebut the individual who rebelled against custom or asserted his superiority to humankind was, like Allocates in The Misanthrope, presented as presumptuous and absurd.While Renaissance writers were sometimes fascinated by rebels, and later Romantic artists often glorified them, neoclassical artists expected people to conform to established social norms. For individual opinion was far less likely to be true than was the consensus of society, developed over time and embodied in custom and tradition. As the rules for proper writing should be followed, so should the rules for civilized induct in society. Neither Moldier nor Jane Austin advocate blind following of convention, yet both insist that good manners are important as a manifestation of self-control and consideration for others. Www. Academic. Brooklyn. CUNY. Deed/English/anemia/CSS/monocle. HTML) In brief, the neoclassical age came about as part of the 1 8th century, and it was considered to be an enlightenment movement. In this age, man was considered to have been related to the world, and he also had a social contract with life, where a poets mind was rarely a subject at all. Here I have UT together some descriptions that I have understood the neoclassical age to consist of: Structure, order, miles, symmetry, constraints, common sense, harmony, ideal beauty, and it is also very universal.